Consider USB Type-C PPS that meets the quick charging needs required for 5G smartphones
At the beginning
Recent 5G smartphones (smartphones) are characterized by a large screen, an increase in lithium-ion battery capacity, and "quick charging", but in the future, USB-C (USB Type-C) PD 3..0 Standards, especially programmable power supply (PPS), will be the desirable options for USB power supply.
Since its appearance in 1996, USB has played a major role in standardization of data communication, charging, and power supply throughout mobile products.The maximum evolution of USB technology was achieved from 2013 to 2016, when the USB Committee set up the following standards.
The Type C connector has 24 contacts (2 rows of 12 contacts), designed to support 100W and 20V/5A, and a very compact foam factor (height 2 2)..4mm) is realized, and it is possible to determine the reversible plug insert, the presence or absence of connections and the direction of the cable, eliminating the spider nesting wiring in the legacy cable.
Is the 100W charging true?
7.5W charging (USB3).0) to 100W (USB3.The transition to 1) is a big leap.Who needs 100W for most mobile devices with a 15W to 45W charger?You may be wondering.However, if the past indicates the future trend, the time will come sooner than you imagine tomorrow's innovation.
Charging and power supply are very similar to supply and demand and supply economics.These are coexistent relationships in which supply will not increase unless the demand is increased, but if the supply is not increased, the demand will stagnate.USB power supply 7.If you raise it from 5W to 100W, more equipment will be charged through USB.
USB-C PD power supply conditions negotiation
USB 3.Before the 1 and Type C connector appeared, the USB charging device was identified the USB charging port by the non-data signal of the D+terminal and the D-terminal.This method is up to 7.It works up to 5W without any problems, but to supply up to 100W (20V/5A) between USB sources and USB sinks, you need more advanced and robust methods.
USB 3.1, Pd 2.0 and Type C connectors have a comprehensive messaging function, and have a two -way single -line protocol through the Source and the sink through CC wires (Fig. 2).One of the applications of this PD messaging function is the negotiation of the power supply condition.The power supply conditions are negotiated as if you ordered a dish at the restaurant in the restaurant.If the source and the sink are connected by tacit power supply conditions (up to 15W) and both ports can support PD, it is necessary to establish explicit conditions, that is, PD power supply conditions (up to 100W).
All genuine and 3A type C cables must contain electrical cables, EMARKER.Therefore, if you detect an e -marker in the cable, the first thing that 3A or more sources do is to send the Discover Identity or SVID message to the e -marker.The source and sink will respond to the SOP (Start of Packet) at the top of the received message.To avoid collisions, the E -marker responds to the SOP at the top of the received message.
If you check if the source is 3A or more cables, you will advocate your V/I information like a restaurant menu.Next, the sink requires one of the advanced information, like a restaurant customer.If the request is acceptable, the source supplies the agreed power.Each time the message is sent, the message receiving side sends the "Good CRC" message back to the sender that the message was received without an error.
USB-C Pd 2.0 and PD 3.0 comparison
Pd 2.0 can use up to seven power data objects (Power Data Objects: PDO), which are transmitted in a PD message through the USB Type C CC pin, indicating power supply capabilities and sink power demands.will be used.On the other hand, pd 3.The PPS of 0 provides a PDO in the "voltage and current range" shown in Fig. 3.The advantage of PPS is that a "more detailed step" can require a change in voltage/current compared to a fixed pdo.This helps optimize charging efficiency between sources and sinks.
5G smartphone battery capacity
6G smartphones recently released 6.It is equipped with a 9 -inch large display and a lithium -ion battery with a capacity of 5,000 mAh, and the battery capacity has increased by 25 % compared to the old model.Both the size of the display and the 5G are related to the increase in battery capacity.The 25 % increase in battery capacity means that the ACDC Travel Adapter (Travel Adaptor: Ta) requires even greater power in order to continue advanced the "quick charging" function.To achieve this, USB-C PPS is a desirable option.
Quick charging
Conventionally, the charging of lithium -ion batteries is 0..The 7C rate (C rate simply divided by cell capacity by cell capacity) was safely executed.For example, 0 cells of 1,000 mAh.The charging current of the 7C rate is 700mA.However, in order to charge a cell in an empty state from 0 % to 50 % charging state (SOC), a charging time (TTC) of about 45 minutes (see Figure 4) is required.This is not a rapid.
Also, to improve TTC, you cannot simply increase current.0 to the data sheet.Charging cells at a 1C rate even though it is specified as a 7C rate can cause cell early aging or cause permanent damage.According to the data sheet, lithium -ion batteries must maintain at least 80 % of the rated capacity after using at least 500 cycles.
Shortening the charging time (TTC) means an increase in charging power
In order to improve TTC, the cell maker designed a cell for charging at a rate exceeding 1C or corresponding to rapid charging.To this, the cell voltage reaches the maximum voltage, and before the charging profile shifts to the constant voltage (CV) mode, charging the charging profile to stay in the constant current (CC) mode).Assuming that you start), it is mainly accompanied by a decrease in the internal impedance of the cell.As shown in Fig. 5, when the SOC TTC from 0 % to 50 % is charged at a 1C rate, 0.15 minutes than when charging at the 7C rate, 1.The 5C rate can be reduced by 22 minutes.However, 1 of the 5,000mAh cell.In the 5C rate, 7 in the battery.5A charging current and 32.6W maximum charging power (4).35V x 7.5a) is required.This power is a large value in narrow spaces.
Although it is not familiar with the actual charging profile in the recently released 5G smartphone, the smartphone comes with a 25W PPS charger and supports 45W PPS charger accessories.When using a 45W travel adapter and charging the battery with 80 % of the power outlet, about 36W is sent to the battery.This value is a charging time (TTC) in the charging state (SOC) of 0 % to 50 % described in the yellow frame in FIG. 5, about 22 minutes..It is not much far from the calculation value of 6W.
To put it simply, the maximum current of the USB-C connector is 5A, so 7.5AのIBATを達成するには、5Gスマホ内部のType Cコネクタと充電器の間に「÷2」チャージポンプが必要になるということです(図5)。たとえば、TAの出力が10V/4Aであれば、チャージポンプの出力は5V/8Aになります(理想的な電力損失を想定)。これはHVLC(High Voltage, Low Current:高電圧、低電流)と呼ばれることがあります。物理学で学習するように、消費電力の計算式はI2Rなので、LVHC(低電圧、高電流)と比較して、HVLCでTAからスマホに(約1mのケーブルで)給電する「効率上の利点」があります。また、Type Cコネクタの登場により、USB-C PDのVBUS最大電圧が5Vから20Vに上昇し、HVLCのアプローチが可能になります。
ノートPC Pd 2.Observation of 0 charging status
5Gスマホの充電器とバッテリ間の実際の内部IBAT電流は測定できないことがありますが、Total PhaseのPDスニファでTAと5Gスマホ間のVBUS電圧と電流(IBUS)は測定できます。しかし、その前に図6に示したように、ノートPCとFUSB3307 60W評価ボード(EVB)ソース間でPd 2.You can observe 0 Vbus/IBUS.
このセットアップでは、Pd 2.0 Sink laptop and FUSB3307 EVB PD 3.0 Source is connected with a 5A cable.TOTAL PHASE Sniper is inserted in series between FUSB3307 EVB and 5A cable.After connecting, FUSB3307 EVB advises the source ability in the form of four fixed PDOs and three PPS (extended) PDO.This notebook PC requires a fixed PDO of 20V/3A, but up to 1.I only need 5A.The FUSB3307 accepts the request for a laptop and determines the power supply conditions.In Fig. 7, when VBUS (red) rises from 5V to 20V, a laptop starts (the battery starts in an empty state), and the dynamic IBUS current (blue) is about 1..You can see that it is increasing to 3A, that is, to about 30W.
5G smartphone PD 3.0 Observation of the charging status of PPS
Looking at Fig. 8 and 9, the notebook PC is a 5G smartphone and the power supply is 100W FUSB3307 PD 3..0 It has been replaced by PPS EVB.The 5G smartphone is first requested and supplied for a 5V fixed PDO, but is supplied by PPS (3V to 21V/5A) PDO about 7 seconds.The 5G smartphone immediately, the voltage (red) required for each 210 msec is 40 mv step, 8V to 9.Enter the "algorithm" to rise to 28V, and at the same time, the current (blue) lamps (sink) from 2A to 4A with a span of about 7 seconds.The 5G smartphone continues to communicate with the FUSB3307 power supply through the entire charging process.
PPS current restriction (CL) alert
Safety is an important aspect of Power Delivery (PD).In Fig. 10, the power supply voltage (red) requested by the maximum operating current 4A requested in the 5G smartphone is 8V to 9..While rising to 28V, the FUSB3307 100W source sends a "alert" message to the smartphone, including the information that has reached the 4A "current restriction" (CL).
5G smartphone PD 3.0対ノートPC Pd 2.Observation of 0 charging status
ノートPCで示したPd 2.0 power supply is effective but relatively simple.20V/1 within the first second after connection.5A power supply conditions are negotiated and approved, but no more PD movement is observed.On the other hand, the operation of a 5G smartphone equipped with PPS is completely different.
The 5G smartphone is a master of an advanced charging algorithm, and instructs you to constantly communicate with the FUSB3307 power supply to change the output voltage in order to skillfully lamp the load current.In fact, PPS includes a "keep alive" timeout for up to 15 seconds between sources and sink messaging.Therefore, during PPS operation, the source and sink perform a certain digital communication via CC contact.
The peak power of 5G smartphone/FUSB3307 is 37.68W (9).6V/3.It is observed about 60 seconds after being connected by 925A).This is necessary to realize TTC about 22 minutes (0 % to 50 % SOC) TTC.5c rate, 32.It is not so far from the value required to charge the battery with 6W.
高効率なQuick chargingの「A、B、C」とPPS
With the appearance of 5G and the enlargement of the display, the large capacity of smartphone batteries has been spurred.Combined with users' expectations for "quick charging", travel adapters have recently required 45W high power.However, the increase in power consumption increases the power loss in the form of heat.As a result, efficiency is more important than ever, and PPS has come.
Looking at the general "Wall to Battery" lithium -ion charging block diagram in FIG. 11, the purpose is supplied to the system via PMIC, and in parallel with the power path FET.Fully charged 1S cell from empty state (about 3V) (4).Charging to 35V).Regardless of technologies (switching, linear, bypass), if the input voltage (b) slightly exceeds the output voltage (C) or VBAT, this charger always operates in high efficiency.To be complicated, VBAT is always working for the following two reasons.
In order to optimize efficiency, the output (A) voltage of the travel adapter (TA) must be strictly controlled by the sink MCU.Before reading the VBAT with the fuel gage (battery remaining gauge) and detecting the Vout of the charge pump, MCU Policy Manager (Policy Manager) uses PD protocol messaging through CC pins, and TA Vout is 20 MV steps.It can be strictly controlled (PPS).
With the addition of PPS, mobile devices can be charged safely and efficiently with large -capacity batteries.The on -semiconductor's FUSB3307 evaluation board can support the advanced PPS charging algorithm for the 5G smartphone.
FUSB3307 Evaluation board (EVB), with DC input
FUSB3307 EVB is 4.5V～32VのDC入力に対応し、5V～20VのUSB PD出力を供給し、Pd 2.PD 3 including 0 and programmable power supply (PPS).It complies with both standards.FUSB3307 is a state machine -based PD controller and Type C port controller.Therefore, MCU is unnecessary and does not need to develop firmware.The lack of firmware means that it has a useful tumper resistance in medical applications.It works autonomously just by connecting.The FUSB3307 State Machine has a built -in PD policy manager (Policy Manager), which controls the on -semiconductor NCV81599 back boost controller by driving the COMP input with the FUSB3307 CATH output pin.The FUSB3307 also controls VBUS FET autonomously.
FUSB3307 Evaluation board (EVB), with AC input f
In addition, FUSB3307 is AC input PD 3.It can also be used as a source.FUSB3307 is a state machine-based USB-C PD 3.0 Port controller, VBUS (5V to 20V) is stabilized by controlling the NCP1568 FB input with CATH output via the FODM8801BV optocapula.In this case, FUSB3307 autonomously controls VBUS FET.
summary
PPS has all power, safety and high efficiency.
USB-C/PD 3.0 is a very detailed V/I step, a maximum of 100W (20V/5A) programmable power supply (PPS), and fast charging (charging 0 to 50 % in about 22 minutes) is highly efficient.make it possible.The PPS uses a USB-C/PD sink that uses a two-way single-line protocol that supports the CC contact of the Type C connector, and becomes a master of advanced and safe charging algorithms using a smart slave travel adapter "Battery" control.Loop architecture is also realized.The PPS source operates in the constant voltage (CV) mode (default) or current limit (CL) mode, and notifies the sink to the sink when mode changes.The fact that a 5G smartphone adopts PPS is a clear indicator that PPS is a desirable option and will continue to be used in the future.